molecular formula C20H13ClF3NO3 B1672850 Floxacrine CAS No. 53966-34-0

Floxacrine

カタログ番号: B1672850
CAS番号: 53966-34-0
分子量: 407.8 g/mol
InChIキー: AWHZKKVSUJJVNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
注意: 研究専用です。人間または獣医用ではありません。
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説明

フロキサクリンは、フェニルキノリン類に属する抗マラリア化合物です。これは、特に他の抗マラリア薬に耐性のある株を治療する可能性について研究されています。 フロキサクリンとその誘導体は、マラリアの原因となる寄生虫であるプラスモジウムのさまざまな株に対して有望な活性を示しています .

化学反応の分析

反応の種類: フロキサクリンは、酸化、還元、置換など、さまざまな化学反応を受けます。これらの反応は、化合物を修飾してその抗マラリア特性を強化するために不可欠です。

一般的な試薬と条件: フロキサクリンを含む反応で使用される一般的な試薬には、ルイス酸、トリメチルクロロシラン、テトラフルオロベンゾイルクロリドが含まれます . 反応は、通常、高収率と純度を確保するために制御された条件下で行われます。

生成される主な生成物: フロキサクリンを含む反応から生成される主な生成物には、抗マラリア活性が強化されたさまざまな誘導体が含まれます。 これらの誘導体は、薬剤耐性株のプラスモジウムに対する有効性について評価されています .

科学研究への応用

フロキサクリンは、その抗マラリア特性について広く研究されてきました。 これは、薬剤耐性株のプラスモジウムベルギーとプラスモジウムファルシパラムに対して高い活性を示しました . マラリアの治療における使用に加えて、フロキサクリンとその誘導体は、他の寄生虫感染症や病気の治療における可能性について探求されています .

科学的研究の応用

Chemical Profile

  • Chemical Name : 7-chloro-10-hydroxy-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3,4-dihydroacridine-1,9(2H, 10H)-dione
  • Molecular Formula : C17H15ClF3N
  • Molecular Weight : 343.76 g/mol

Antimalarial Activity

Floxacrine has been extensively studied for its efficacy against malaria, particularly in the following areas:

Efficacy Against Plasmodium Species

  • Plasmodium berghei :
    • This compound demonstrates significant blood schizontocidal activity against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium berghei in rodent models.
    • The effective doses (ED50) in mice were found to be as low as 0.7 mg/kg in acute models .
  • Plasmodium cynomolgi :
    • In rhesus monkeys, this compound provided effective prophylaxis against P. cynomolgi, with doses of 0.625 mg/kg daily during the incubation period resulting in complete protection .
  • Resistance Development :
    • Resistance to this compound can develop rapidly when used alone, indicating a need for combination therapies or strategic dosing to mitigate this issue .

Comparative Efficacy

This compound's prophylactic effects were found to be superior to primaquine but inferior to pyrimethamine in certain studies . Additionally, it has shown effectiveness against other parasites:

  • Eimeria species : Effective at 100 ppm in chickens.
  • Fasciola hepatica : Effective at 1000 mg/kg orally in rats.
  • Heterakis spumosa : Effective at doses between 300-800 mg/kg orally in rats .

Clinical Trials and Studies

  • Study on Blood Schizontocide Activity :
    • A study indicated that this compound had a CD50/CD90 value of 4.3/6.7 mg/kg after oral administration against drug-sensitive P. berghei strains .
  • Prophylactic Studies :
    • In trials with rhesus monkeys, daily administration of this compound effectively prevented infection from sporozoites of P. cynomolgi, demonstrating its potential as a prophylactic agent rather than a curative one .
  • Comparative Studies with Other Antimalarials :
    • Research comparing this compound with other antimalarials highlighted its temporary clearance capabilities against chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum but noted that higher doses were necessary for curing established infections .

Summary Table of Efficacy Against Various Parasites

ParasiteEffective Dose (mg/kg)RouteNotes
Plasmodium berghei0.7OralBlood schizontocide activity
Plasmodium cynomolgi0.625OralComplete prophylaxis
Eimeria species100 ppmOralEffective in chickens
Fasciola hepatica1000OralEffective in rats
Heterakis spumosa300-800OralEffective in rats

生物活性

Floxacrine, chemically known as 7-chloro-10-hydroxy-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3,4-dihydroacridine-1,9(2H, 10H)-dione, is a compound primarily investigated for its antimalarial properties. It has shown significant efficacy against various strains of malaria parasites, particularly Plasmodium berghei, P. vinckei, and P. cynomolgi. This article synthesizes research findings on the biological activity of this compound, highlighting its mechanisms of action, efficacy in different models, and potential therapeutic applications.

Efficacy Against Malaria Parasites

This compound has demonstrated potent antimalarial activity in both in vitro and in vivo studies:

  • Blood Schizontocidal Action : this compound exhibits a high level of activity against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium berghei. In mouse models, the effective dose (ED50) against sensitive strains was found to be approximately 0.7 mg/kg when administered subcutaneously .
  • Resistance Profiles : The compound maintains effectiveness against strains resistant to chloroquine and other common antimalarials. However, resistance can develop with repeated subcurative doses .

Dosage and Administration

This compound's dosage requirements vary significantly based on the infection stage and parasite strain:

Parasite Strain Effective Dose (mg/kg) Administration Route Comments
P. berghei0.7SubcutaneousEffective against sensitive strains
P. cynomolgi0.625Daily during incubationComplete protection against infection
Chloroquine-resistant strains1.25 - 2.5DailyTemporary clearance of parasitemia

The precise mechanism by which this compound exerts its antimalarial effects differs from those of traditional antimalarials like chloroquine. Research indicates that it affects the pigment cytoplasm and nucleus of erythrocytic stages in malaria parasites, leading to structural changes that inhibit their growth .

Study on Owl Monkeys

In a study involving owl monkeys infected with chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum, this compound was administered at daily doses ranging from 1.25 to 2.5 mg/kg:

  • Results : The compound achieved temporary clearance of parasitemia but required significantly higher doses for curing established infections—up to 64 times more than those needed for initial clearance.
  • Resistance Development : Rapid development of resistance was noted, indicating the need for careful management in therapeutic settings .

Efficacy in Rodent Models

In rodent studies, this compound was also tested for its prophylactic potential:

  • Prophylactic Dosing : A subcutaneous dose showed moderate prophylactic effects due to a "depot effect," where the drug remains active for extended periods .
  • Tolerance Levels : The compound demonstrated good tolerance in both rodents and rhesus monkeys, with a wide margin between effective and maximum tolerated doses .

特性

CAS番号

53966-34-0

分子式

C20H13ClF3NO3

分子量

407.8 g/mol

IUPAC名

7-chloro-10-hydroxy-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-acridine-1,9-dione

InChI

InChI=1S/C20H13ClF3NO3/c21-13-5-6-15-14(9-13)19(27)18-16(25(15)28)7-11(8-17(18)26)10-1-3-12(4-2-10)20(22,23)24/h1-6,9,11,28H,7-8H2

InChIキー

AWHZKKVSUJJVNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N

SMILES

C1C(CC(=O)C2=C1N(C3=C(C2=O)C=C(C=C3)Cl)O)C4=CC=C(C=C4)C(F)(F)F

正規SMILES

C1C(CC(=O)C2=C1N(C3=C(C2=O)C=C(C=C3)Cl)O)C4=CC=C(C=C4)C(F)(F)F

外観

Solid powder

純度

>98% (or refer to the Certificate of Analysis)

賞味期限

>2 years if stored properly

溶解性

Soluble in DMSO

保存方法

Dry, dark and at 0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks) or -20 C for long term (months to years).

同義語

7-chloro-10-hydroxy-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3,4-dihydroacridine-1,9(2H,10H)-dione
floxacrine
HOE 991

製品の起源

United States

Retrosynthesis Analysis

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Strategy Settings

Precursor scoring Relevance Heuristic
Min. plausibility 0.01
Model Template_relevance
Template Set Pistachio/Bkms_metabolic/Pistachio_ringbreaker/Reaxys/Reaxys_biocatalysis
Top-N result to add to graph 6

Feasible Synthetic Routes

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試験管内研究製品の免責事項と情報

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