molecular formula C20H13ClF3NO3 B1672850 Floxacrine CAS No. 53966-34-0

Floxacrine

Katalognummer: B1672850
CAS-Nummer: 53966-34-0
Molekulargewicht: 407.8 g/mol
InChI-Schlüssel: AWHZKKVSUJJVNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Achtung: Nur für Forschungszwecke. Nicht für den menschlichen oder tierärztlichen Gebrauch.
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Beschreibung

Floxacrin ist eine antimalarielle Verbindung, die zur Klasse der Phenylchinoline gehört. Es wurde auf sein Potenzial zur Behandlung von Malaria, insbesondere von Stämmen, die gegen andere antimalarielle Medikamente resistent sind, untersucht. Floxacrin und seine Derivate haben eine vielversprechende Aktivität gegen verschiedene Stämme von Plasmodium gezeigt, dem Parasiten, der für Malaria verantwortlich ist .

Analyse Chemischer Reaktionen

Arten von Reaktionen: Floxacrin unterliegt verschiedenen chemischen Reaktionen, darunter Oxidation, Reduktion und Substitution. Diese Reaktionen sind unerlässlich, um die Verbindung zu modifizieren, um ihre antimalariellen Eigenschaften zu verbessern.

Häufige Reagenzien und Bedingungen: Häufige Reagenzien, die bei den Reaktionen mit Floxacrin verwendet werden, sind Lewis-Basen, Trimethylchlorsilan und Tetrafluorbenzoylchlorid . Die Reaktionen werden typischerweise unter kontrollierten Bedingungen durchgeführt, um eine hohe Ausbeute und Reinheit zu gewährleisten.

Hauptprodukte, die gebildet werden: Die Hauptprodukte, die aus den Reaktionen mit Floxacrin gebildet werden, umfassen verschiedene Derivate mit verbesserter antimalarieller Aktivität. Diese Derivate werden auf ihre Wirksamkeit gegen arzneimittelresistente Stämme von Plasmodium untersucht .

Wissenschaftliche Forschungsanwendungen

Chemical Profile

  • Chemical Name : 7-chloro-10-hydroxy-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3,4-dihydroacridine-1,9(2H, 10H)-dione
  • Molecular Formula : C17H15ClF3N
  • Molecular Weight : 343.76 g/mol

Antimalarial Activity

Floxacrine has been extensively studied for its efficacy against malaria, particularly in the following areas:

Efficacy Against Plasmodium Species

  • Plasmodium berghei :
    • This compound demonstrates significant blood schizontocidal activity against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium berghei in rodent models.
    • The effective doses (ED50) in mice were found to be as low as 0.7 mg/kg in acute models .
  • Plasmodium cynomolgi :
    • In rhesus monkeys, this compound provided effective prophylaxis against P. cynomolgi, with doses of 0.625 mg/kg daily during the incubation period resulting in complete protection .
  • Resistance Development :
    • Resistance to this compound can develop rapidly when used alone, indicating a need for combination therapies or strategic dosing to mitigate this issue .

Comparative Efficacy

This compound's prophylactic effects were found to be superior to primaquine but inferior to pyrimethamine in certain studies . Additionally, it has shown effectiveness against other parasites:

  • Eimeria species : Effective at 100 ppm in chickens.
  • Fasciola hepatica : Effective at 1000 mg/kg orally in rats.
  • Heterakis spumosa : Effective at doses between 300-800 mg/kg orally in rats .

Clinical Trials and Studies

  • Study on Blood Schizontocide Activity :
    • A study indicated that this compound had a CD50/CD90 value of 4.3/6.7 mg/kg after oral administration against drug-sensitive P. berghei strains .
  • Prophylactic Studies :
    • In trials with rhesus monkeys, daily administration of this compound effectively prevented infection from sporozoites of P. cynomolgi, demonstrating its potential as a prophylactic agent rather than a curative one .
  • Comparative Studies with Other Antimalarials :
    • Research comparing this compound with other antimalarials highlighted its temporary clearance capabilities against chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum but noted that higher doses were necessary for curing established infections .

Summary Table of Efficacy Against Various Parasites

ParasiteEffective Dose (mg/kg)RouteNotes
Plasmodium berghei0.7OralBlood schizontocide activity
Plasmodium cynomolgi0.625OralComplete prophylaxis
Eimeria species100 ppmOralEffective in chickens
Fasciola hepatica1000OralEffective in rats
Heterakis spumosa300-800OralEffective in rats

Biologische Aktivität

Floxacrine, chemically known as 7-chloro-10-hydroxy-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3,4-dihydroacridine-1,9(2H, 10H)-dione, is a compound primarily investigated for its antimalarial properties. It has shown significant efficacy against various strains of malaria parasites, particularly Plasmodium berghei, P. vinckei, and P. cynomolgi. This article synthesizes research findings on the biological activity of this compound, highlighting its mechanisms of action, efficacy in different models, and potential therapeutic applications.

Efficacy Against Malaria Parasites

This compound has demonstrated potent antimalarial activity in both in vitro and in vivo studies:

  • Blood Schizontocidal Action : this compound exhibits a high level of activity against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium berghei. In mouse models, the effective dose (ED50) against sensitive strains was found to be approximately 0.7 mg/kg when administered subcutaneously .
  • Resistance Profiles : The compound maintains effectiveness against strains resistant to chloroquine and other common antimalarials. However, resistance can develop with repeated subcurative doses .

Dosage and Administration

This compound's dosage requirements vary significantly based on the infection stage and parasite strain:

Parasite Strain Effective Dose (mg/kg) Administration Route Comments
P. berghei0.7SubcutaneousEffective against sensitive strains
P. cynomolgi0.625Daily during incubationComplete protection against infection
Chloroquine-resistant strains1.25 - 2.5DailyTemporary clearance of parasitemia

The precise mechanism by which this compound exerts its antimalarial effects differs from those of traditional antimalarials like chloroquine. Research indicates that it affects the pigment cytoplasm and nucleus of erythrocytic stages in malaria parasites, leading to structural changes that inhibit their growth .

Study on Owl Monkeys

In a study involving owl monkeys infected with chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum, this compound was administered at daily doses ranging from 1.25 to 2.5 mg/kg:

  • Results : The compound achieved temporary clearance of parasitemia but required significantly higher doses for curing established infections—up to 64 times more than those needed for initial clearance.
  • Resistance Development : Rapid development of resistance was noted, indicating the need for careful management in therapeutic settings .

Efficacy in Rodent Models

In rodent studies, this compound was also tested for its prophylactic potential:

  • Prophylactic Dosing : A subcutaneous dose showed moderate prophylactic effects due to a "depot effect," where the drug remains active for extended periods .
  • Tolerance Levels : The compound demonstrated good tolerance in both rodents and rhesus monkeys, with a wide margin between effective and maximum tolerated doses .

Eigenschaften

CAS-Nummer

53966-34-0

Molekularformel

C20H13ClF3NO3

Molekulargewicht

407.8 g/mol

IUPAC-Name

7-chloro-10-hydroxy-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-acridine-1,9-dione

InChI

InChI=1S/C20H13ClF3NO3/c21-13-5-6-15-14(9-13)19(27)18-16(25(15)28)7-11(8-17(18)26)10-1-3-12(4-2-10)20(22,23)24/h1-6,9,11,28H,7-8H2

InChI-Schlüssel

AWHZKKVSUJJVNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N

SMILES

C1C(CC(=O)C2=C1N(C3=C(C2=O)C=C(C=C3)Cl)O)C4=CC=C(C=C4)C(F)(F)F

Kanonische SMILES

C1C(CC(=O)C2=C1N(C3=C(C2=O)C=C(C=C3)Cl)O)C4=CC=C(C=C4)C(F)(F)F

Aussehen

Solid powder

Reinheit

>98% (or refer to the Certificate of Analysis)

Haltbarkeit

>2 years if stored properly

Löslichkeit

Soluble in DMSO

Lagerung

Dry, dark and at 0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks) or -20 C for long term (months to years).

Synonyme

7-chloro-10-hydroxy-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3,4-dihydroacridine-1,9(2H,10H)-dione
floxacrine
HOE 991

Herkunft des Produkts

United States

Retrosynthesis Analysis

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Strategy Settings

Precursor scoring Relevance Heuristic
Min. plausibility 0.01
Model Template_relevance
Template Set Pistachio/Bkms_metabolic/Pistachio_ringbreaker/Reaxys/Reaxys_biocatalysis
Top-N result to add to graph 6

Feasible Synthetic Routes

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