molecular formula C16H25NO3 B1240704 Tramadol N-Oxide

Tramadol N-Oxide

Katalognummer: B1240704
Molekulargewicht: 279.37 g/mol
InChI-Schlüssel: HBXKSXMNNGHBEA-ZBFHGGJFSA-N
Achtung: Nur für Forschungszwecke. Nicht für den menschlichen oder tierärztlichen Gebrauch.
Auf Lager
  • Klicken Sie auf QUICK INQUIRY, um ein Angebot von unserem Expertenteam zu erhalten.
  • Mit qualitativ hochwertigen Produkten zu einem WETTBEWERBSFÄHIGEN Preis können Sie sich mehr auf Ihre Forschung konzentrieren.

Vorbereitungsmethoden

Synthetic Routes and Reaction Conditions: The synthesis of Tramadol N-oxide involves the N-oxidation of tramadol. This can be achieved using various oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide or peracids under controlled conditions . The reaction typically requires a solvent like methanol or ethanol and is carried out at room temperature to avoid decomposition of the product.

Industrial Production Methods: Industrial production of this compound follows similar synthetic routes but on a larger scale. The process involves the use of continuous flow reactors to ensure consistent product quality and yield. The reaction conditions are optimized to maximize the conversion rate and minimize by-products .

Wissenschaftliche Forschungsanwendungen

Tramadol-N-oxid hat verschiedene Anwendungen in der wissenschaftlichen Forschung, darunter:

5. Wirkmechanismus

Tramadol-N-oxid entfaltet seine Wirkung hauptsächlich durch seine Umwandlung in Tramadol. Tramadol hat sowohl opioid- als auch nicht-opioid-basierte Wirkmechanismen. Es wirkt als Agonist des μ-Opioidrezeptors und hemmt die Wiederaufnahme von Serotonin und Noradrenalin . Dieser duale Mechanismus trägt zu seinen analgetischen Eigenschaften bei, indem er Schmerzsignale im zentralen Nervensystem moduliert .

Ähnliche Verbindungen:

Einzigartigkeit: Tramadol-N-oxid ist einzigartig in seiner Fähigkeit, als Prodrug zu dienen, wodurch eine anhaltende Freisetzung von Tramadol erzielt und möglicherweise die Dosierungsfrequenz reduziert werden kann . Seine N-Oxid-Funktionalität bietet auch eine eindeutige chemische Reaktivität, was es zu einer wertvollen Verbindung für Forschung und Entwicklung in der pharmazeutischen Chemie macht .

Wirkmechanismus

Tramadol N-oxide exerts its effects primarily through its conversion to tramadol. Tramadol has both opioid and non-opioid mechanisms of action. It acts as an agonist of the μ-opioid receptor and inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine . This dual mechanism contributes to its analgesic properties by modulating pain signals in the central nervous system .

Biologische Aktivität

Tramadol N-Oxide (TNO), also known as RWJ-38705, is a metabolite of tramadol, a widely used analgesic. This compound has gained attention due to its unique pharmacological properties, which differ significantly from those of its parent drug. This article explores the biological activity of TNO, including its metabolism, analgesic effects, and potential clinical applications.

Metabolism of this compound

TNO undergoes extensive metabolism in various species, including humans. Studies have shown that TNO is metabolized primarily in the liver, with significant conversion to tramadol occurring in both rat and human hepatic S9 fractions. The metabolic pathways include:

  • N-Oxide Reduction
  • O-Demethylation
  • N-Demethylation
  • Cyclohexylhydroxylation

In vitro studies demonstrated that unchanged TNO constituted 60% of the sample in mouse hepatic fractions, while this percentage was 24% in rats and 26% in humans . The conversion of TNO to tramadol is rapid and substantial, suggesting that TNO acts as a prodrug for tramadol.

Analgesic Activity

TNO exhibits notable analgesic properties that are distinct from those of tramadol. Research indicates that TNO produces dose-related antinociceptive effects across various pain models:

  • Mouse Abdominal Irritant Test : ED50 = 15.5 mg/kg
  • Hot-Plate Test (48°C) : ED50 = 84.7 mg/kg
  • Tail-Flick Test : ED50 = 316.4 mg/kg
  • Hot-Plate Test (55°C) : ED50 = 138.2 mg/kg

The duration of action for TNO is significantly extended compared to tramadol, lasting approximately 4-5 hours . Importantly, TNO has minimal affinity for traditional opioid receptors (mu, delta, kappa), indicating a different mechanism of action than typical opioids .

Side Effects and Advantages

TNO offers several advantages over tramadol and traditional opioids:

  • Reduced Side Effects : TNO is associated with fewer side effects such as respiratory depression and constipation, which are common with opioid analgesics .
  • Longer Duration of Action : Patients may benefit from longer-lasting pain relief without the need for frequent dosing .
  • Prodrug Characteristics : As a prodrug, TNO's conversion to tramadol allows for effective pain management while minimizing the risk of abuse associated with direct opioid administration .

Case Studies and Clinical Implications

Case studies have highlighted the potential clinical benefits of TNO:

  • Chronic Pain Management : In patients requiring long-term analgesia, TNO may provide effective pain relief with a lower incidence of adverse effects compared to traditional opioids.
  • Post-Surgical Pain Control : Studies suggest that TNO could be beneficial in managing postoperative pain due to its prolonged analgesic effects.

Comparative Analysis of Tramadol and this compound

The following table summarizes key differences between tramadol and its N-Oxide derivative:

FeatureTramadolThis compound
Analgesic MechanismOpioid receptor agonistProdrug; minimal opioid receptor affinity
Duration of ActionShorter (2-4 hours)Longer (4-5 hours)
Side EffectsRespiratory depression, constipationFewer side effects
MetabolismHepatic metabolismExtensive hepatic metabolism to tramadol

Eigenschaften

Molekularformel

C16H25NO3

Molekulargewicht

279.37 g/mol

IUPAC-Name

1-[(1R,2R)-2-hydroxy-2-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl]-N,N-dimethylmethanamine oxide

InChI

InChI=1S/C16H25NO3/c1-17(2,19)12-14-7-4-5-10-16(14,18)13-8-6-9-15(11-13)20-3/h6,8-9,11,14,18H,4-5,7,10,12H2,1-3H3/t14-,16+/m1/s1

InChI-Schlüssel

HBXKSXMNNGHBEA-ZBFHGGJFSA-N

Isomerische SMILES

C[N+](C)(C[C@H]1CCCC[C@@]1(C2=CC(=CC=C2)OC)O)[O-]

Kanonische SMILES

C[N+](C)(CC1CCCCC1(C2=CC(=CC=C2)OC)O)[O-]

Synonyme

2-((dimethylamino)methyl)-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol hydrochloride
RWJ 38705
tramadol N-oxide

Herkunft des Produkts

United States

Synthesis routes and methods I

Procedure details

First, tramadol N-oxide was prepared as set forth hereinafter. Tramadol hydrochloride (0.5 mol) was converted to its free base in basified water (pH>9) and then extracted with ether. The ether was evaporated to yield the crystalline hydrate of tramadol. The solid was then heated with steam under a high vacuum to remove as much water as possible to yield 131.5 g of material. The material was dissolved in methanol (500 mL) and 65 g of 30% H2O2 was added. The solution was stirred for 3 hours and then an additional 65 g of the 30% H2O2 was added. The reaction was stirred for 2.5 days at room temperature. Approximately 10 mg of PtO2 on carbon (use of Pt/C is suggested for its ease of removal) was added to the reaction mixture, and very gentle foaming took place. An additional 10 mg of PtO2 was added and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight and then filtered thru a filter aid. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum while being heated to a temperature of <40° C. The residue was taken up in methylene chloride. Since the methylene chloride solution contained some colloidial platinum, the solution was diluted with ethyl acetate to 1 L and filtered through a nylon filter membrane (0.45μ pore size) to yield a clear colorless filtrate. The filtrate was concentrated to 600 mL, and then ethyl acetate was added continuously to maintain a volume of 800 mL while the solution was heated until a vapor temperature of 74° C. was reached. The solution was then cooled to room temperature. The solid was collected by filtration, washed with ethyl acetate and dried in vacuo to yield 126.6 g of the tramadol N-oxide (mp. 159.5°-160° C.).
Quantity
0.5 mol
Type
reactant
Reaction Step One
Name
Quantity
0 (± 1) mol
Type
reactant
Reaction Step Two

Synthesis routes and methods II

Procedure details

Tramadol N-oxide was prepared as set forth hereinafter. Tramadol hydrochloride (0.5 mol) was converted its free base in basified water (pH>9) and then extracted with ether. The solid was then heated under a high vacuum to remove as much water as possible to yield 131.5 g of material. The material was dissolved in methanol (500 mL) and 65 g of 30% H2O2 was added. The solution was stirred for 3 hours and then an additional 65 g of the 30% H2O2 was added. The reaction was stirred for 2.5 days at room temperature. Approximately 10 mg of PtO2 (use of Pt/C is suggested for its ease of removal) on carbon was then added to the reaction mixture, and very gentle foaming took place. An additional 10 mg of PtO2 was added and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight and then filtered thru filter aid. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum while being heated to a temperature <40° C. The residue was taken up in methylene chloride. Since the methylene chloride solution contained some colloidial platinum, the solution was diluted with ethyl acetate to 1 L and filtered through a nylon filter membrane (0.45μ pore size) to yield a clear colorless filtrate. The filtrate was concentrated to 600 mL, and then ethyl acetate was added continuously to maintain a volume of 800 mL while the solution was heated until a vapor temperature of 74° C. was reached. The solution was then cooled to room temperature. The solid was collected by filtration, washed with ethyl acetate and dried in vacuo to yield 126.6 g of the tramadol N-oxide (mp. 159.5°-160° C.).
Quantity
0.5 mol
Type
reactant
Reaction Step One
Name
Quantity
0 (± 1) mol
Type
reactant
Reaction Step Two

Haftungsausschluss und Informationen zu In-Vitro-Forschungsprodukten

Bitte beachten Sie, dass alle Artikel und Produktinformationen, die auf BenchChem präsentiert werden, ausschließlich zu Informationszwecken bestimmt sind. Die auf BenchChem zum Kauf angebotenen Produkte sind speziell für In-vitro-Studien konzipiert, die außerhalb lebender Organismen durchgeführt werden. In-vitro-Studien, abgeleitet von dem lateinischen Begriff "in Glas", beinhalten Experimente, die in kontrollierten Laborumgebungen unter Verwendung von Zellen oder Geweben durchgeführt werden. Es ist wichtig zu beachten, dass diese Produkte nicht als Arzneimittel oder Medikamente eingestuft sind und keine Zulassung der FDA für die Vorbeugung, Behandlung oder Heilung von medizinischen Zuständen, Beschwerden oder Krankheiten erhalten haben. Wir müssen betonen, dass jede Form der körperlichen Einführung dieser Produkte in Menschen oder Tiere gesetzlich strikt untersagt ist. Es ist unerlässlich, sich an diese Richtlinien zu halten, um die Einhaltung rechtlicher und ethischer Standards in Forschung und Experiment zu gewährleisten.